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Published ahead of print on July 10, 2008
Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 2008, doi:10.1165/rcmb.2007-0310OC
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Submitted on August 22, 2007
Revised on July 9, 2008

Identification of a Cigarette Smoke Responsive Region in the Distal MMP-1 Promoter

Becky A Mercer1, Alison M Wallace2, Constance E Brinckerhoff3, and Jeanine M D'Armiento1*

1 Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular and Pulmonary Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York, USA; Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York, USA, 2 Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular and Pulmonary Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York, USA, 3 Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: jmd12{at}columbia.edu.

Rationale: Tobacco-related diseases are leading causes of death worldwide, and many are associated with expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1). We have reported ERK1/2-dependent induction of MMP-1 by cigarette smoke in lung epithelial cells. Objectives: Define regions of the human MMP-1 promoter required for activation by smoke, identify differences in responses of the 1G/2G -1607 polymorphic promoters to smoke, and identify relevant transcription factors whose activity in airway epithelial cells is increased by smoke. Methods: Responses of deletion and mutant promoter constructs were measured in transfected cells during exposure to cigarette smoke extract (CSE). DNA oligonucleotide arrays were used to identify transcription factors activated following smoke exposure. Results: CSE activated the MMP-1 promoter, and this induction was prevented by PD98059 blockade of ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Deletion studies revealed the distal 1kb promoter region (-4438 to -3280 upstream of the transcription start site) is essential for CSE induction of MMP-1, and confers activation of a minimal promoter. Studies of 1G and 2G MMP-1 polymorphic promoter variants revealed higher 2G allele basal and CSE-responsive activities than the 1G allele. Cotransfection, mithramycin, and EMSA studies identified activating and repressive roles for Sp1 and PEA3 transcription factors, respectively. Oligonucleotide DNA arrays confirmed activation of Sp1 and PEA3 by CSE. Conclusions: These data demonstrate that the MMP-1 promoter is a direct target of cigarette smoke in lung epithelial cells. This characterization of a smoke response region in the distal MMP-1 promoter has implications for smoking-related diseases like cancer, heart disease, and emphysema.






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